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Sea Urchins

1/25/2014

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Clinical sign

•Sea urchins or urchins, sometimes called sea hedgehogs, are small, spiny, globular animals.
•There are c. 950 species, it was animal but in primitive shape

•2 defence mechanism

Spines
•inflict a painful wound when they penetrate human skin, but are not dangerous

Pedicellarines
•tiny, jaw-like structures that can clasp onto a diver’s skin and inject a painful poison

•Venom effects

–Severe pain, swelling and redness at puncture site
–Multiple deep puncture wounds may cause fatigue, weakness, muscle aches, shock, paralysis, and
respiratory failure. Death may occur.

*Neurotoxic
*Hemolytic
*Suppresive effect on heart

(*animal study )

Treatment

•Immerse the affected area for 30-90 minutes in water as hot as the injured person can tolerate
•remove any large spines in the wound. If joint involved,need surgical removal.
•Remove the pedicellaria by applying shaving cream to the affected area and gently scrap with a razor.
•Antibiotic , Analgesic

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Box Jellyfish

1/23/2014

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•Chironex fleckeri (Phyasalia Pysalis) , Carukia barnesi and Malo kingi are some of the most venomous beings on the planet. Every tentacle has about 500,000 cnidocytes, each cnidocytes contain of nematocysts, Nematocysts is a cnidocyte is an incredible mobile made up of one huge secretory organelle or cnida (plural cnidae) that describes the phylum Cnidaria(corals, ocean anemones, hydrae, jellyfish, and so forth.). Cnidae can be used as prey capture and protection from predators. A cnidocyte fires a construction which contains the toxin, from the cnidocyst (often known as a cnida or nematocyst). This is responsible for the stings supplied by jellyfish.

Sign and Symptom

Sign and symptom

–Local reactions : pain, hive like lesions
–Systemic : nausea,vomiting,,diahhrea,dizziness,diaphoresis,muscle cramp or spasms or death

Venom effects

–Hemolytic
–Cardiovascular toxicities
–Neurotoxicity
–Liver toxicity
–Muscular toxicity
–* research : toxic symptom dose- dependent
–> 5mg/kg = heart failure + lungs odema
–5-10 mg/kg = hearts + nervous system symp
–>10mg/kg = typical central nervous symp (convulsion,body trembling.ophisthotonus)

Treatment

Remove stingers by applying shaving foam to the sting area. Scrape the skin a razor, knife blade, or credit card
Rinse immediately with vinegar
mild hydrocortisone cream or oral antihistamine
Anti venom or antibiotic if severe reaction

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Dangerous Creatures of Sea

1/19/2014

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We as a scuba diver must know well surrounding us once we undewater. We must aware that there are a lot of creatures that can harm us.There are There are 3 major types of injury patterns from marine life :

•CONTACT IRRITANTS
•INJECTED TOXINS
•PREDATORS

Contact Irritants

Injected Toxin

Predators

to be continue.......
next, we will discuss how to recognize it, how to manage it, how to treat it and why it is dangarous or venomous.I will discuss it base on medical science and journal.

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The basic skill must master by new diver. enjoy

1/13/2014

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Myth: You have to be a speedo-sporting competItive swimmer to be a diver

1/8/2014

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Truth:

Confident, ultra-fit, competitive swimmers make fantastic divers because they are comfortable within the water and they are in good shape, but in the event the logic of this myth have been true, I suppose only Tour de France racers would ride bikes.
Diving is definitely an active sport plus the greater shape you are in, the less complicated it will be, but any healthier person with at the very least an average fitness level can do it. This myth is probably fueled by the fact that there's a fundamental swim test in the start off of scuba lessons. You are going to need to have the endurance to swim about 200 yards nonstop, but there's no time limit and it's not a race. The instructor also needs to know that you just have simple water skills and are comfy submerging your face in water. That's it. And when you take into account that you'll find divers from age eight to age 80 who have passed this grueling test of physical ability, it is fairly clear that any individual with an activity level above that of a chronic couch potato can do it. So, get off the couch and go diving already. And please--regardless of the fitness level--leave the Speedo at dwelling. OK?

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10 New Rules of Scuba Diving

1/6/2014

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1. Reverse Dive Profiles Are OK

New Rule
It is permissible to dive deeper on your second dive than on your first, and to dive deeper on the later part of a dive than on the early part.

Old Rule

Until this year, all divers have been taught to go to their greatest planned depth early in the dive and then gradually work upward in a regular "stair-step" pattern. Similarly, they've been told to make the deepest dive of the day the first one. The rationale was that the shallower depths later provided decompression for the preceding greater depths.

Reason for the Change
Dive computers. Because computers can track your depth and time constantly and are pretty good at math, it's possible to know your nitrogen exposure accurately regardless of your profile. Tables, by contrast, can account for only your greatest depth, and this crude approximation of nitrogen exposure still mandates a conservative approach.

Exceptions to the Rule
Obviously, divers using only tables must still follow the old rules. And even when using a computer it's still smart to dive deeper first. Ascending profiles give you more bottom time and a greater margin of safety against DCS.

2. Lower Minimum Age

New Rule
The Recreational Scuba Training Council, which sets many industry standards, dropped its minimum age requirement for junior certification near the end of 1999. As a result, PADI, SDI, SSI and NASDS (which has merged with SSI) have dropped their minimum age requirements for junior certification to 10. SSI has a pool-only "Scuba Ranger" program for 8- to 12-year-olds. NAUI and YMCA are retaining the age-12 minimum, at least for now.

Old Rule

Minimum age for junior certification was 12. (Junior certification requires supervision by a fully certified adult.)

Reason for the Change
To promote the sport. Lots of baby-boomer divers have kids, and the growing popularity of resort diving meant a market for family dive vacations. "The future of diving will be determined by kids," says Bret Gilliam, president of SDI, the first agency to lower the age. "It's a great step forward to recognize the family unit as key to our sport's growth."

Exceptions to the Rule
It's still up to the instructor to decide whether a child is mature enough to dive. Being 10 does not create a right to be certified.

The new junior certifications typically have various restrictions. In PADI, kids are limited to 20 feet in confined water first, then 40 feet in open water. Juniors must be accompanied by an agency-affiliated instructor, a certified parent or another certified adult. Check specific agencies for their rules.

3. Universal Referrals
New Rule

Getting certified? Beginning in 1998, you could take classroom and pool sessions in your hometown from an instructor with Agency "A," then fly to warm water for open-water sessions under an instructor with Agency "B"—as long as the agencies had agreements to recognize each other's standards and instructors. This means you can choose from many more warm-water resorts for your open-water sessions.

Old Rule

Classroom, pool work and open-water dives all had to be with the same training agency. If you wanted to do the open-water dives in the tropics, you had to pick a resort with an instructor affiliated with the same agency.

Reason for the Change

Customer convenience. Smaller agencies with few instructors in place at resorts found it necessary to band together to offer greater options—especially when certification standards are virtually identical.

Exceptions to the Rule

PADI. According to PADI, it issues 70 percent of all certifications. The agency still requires that all phases of your training be with PADI instructors.

4. Slower Ascent Rate
New Rule

Ascend no faster than 30 feet per minute—one foot every two seconds.

Old Rule

The usual rate was 60 feet per minute until the U.S. Navy adopted the 30-foot-per-minute rate in 1996 and training agencies followed suit.

Reason for the Change

Research. Navy studies found that a 30-foot-per-minute rate resulted in fewer cases of DCS than the older 60-foot-per-minute rate. A slow ascent is really a rolling decompression stop, allowing your body to flush out and exhale dissolved nitrogen before it forms bubbles.

Exceptions to the Rule

The 30-foot-per-minute rate may not always be practical for the whole ascent, especially when you are deep and low on air or approaching hypothermia. In that case a faster rate, up to 60 feet per minute, is acceptable, but for the final 60 feet of your ascent, you should slow to 30 feet per minute.

5. The Safety Stop

New rule - Make a safety stop at 15 feet for at least three to five minutes before ascending to the surface?longer for deeper and more strenuous dives. Safety stops allow your body extra time to eliminate nitrogen.

New Rule

Make a safety stop at the end of dives. That means you should pause at about 15 feet for a minimum of three to five minutes before your final ascent to the surface. Some experts recommend safety stops as long as 10 to 15 minutes under certain conditions.

Old Rule

Make a what? Safety stops were not taught prior to the mid-1980s.

Reason for the Change

More research. The new rule recognizes that all dives are decompression dives, and that DCS can and does occur even when you've stayed within so-called "no-decompression limits." Studies clearly show that pausing at about 15 feet allows you to offgas nitrogen before ascending through the zone of greatest pressure change, near the surface. Nitrogen that hasn't been eliminated can bubble out of tissues rapidly during the last part of the ascent, causing DCS.

There are other safety reasons for the stop. The air in your BC and the bubbles in your wetsuit also expand rapidly during the last 15 feet and may cause you to become significantly positive without realizing it. Stopping gives you a chance to adjust your buoyancy so you don't lose control of your ascent.

Safety stops also allow you to survey surface conditions and boat traffic before surfacing.

Exceptions to the Rule

You needn't stay at exactly 15 feet, especially if you're elbowing a crowd of other divers. Anywhere between 10 and 20 feet is fine. And although three to five minutes is a good minimum, longer, deeper dives call for longer safety stops.

6. Neutrally Buoyant Ascents

New rule - Remain neutrally buoyant during ascents. Neutral buoyancy eliminates the risk of run-away ascents and the strain of finning against negative buoyancy.

New Rule

Become neutrally buoyant before beginning your ascent and maintain neutral buoyancy throughout.

Old Rule

Dump all air so you are negative before beginning your ascent and fin upward against negative buoyancy.

Reason for the Change

The old rule was designed to prevent runaway ascents. But Navy studies revealed that the strain of finning hard while ascending sometimes causes divers to hold their breath. Also, it can lead to air trapping in the lungs. Both present embolism risks. The change also reflects greater confidence in modern BCs, particularly their dump valves.

Exceptions to the Rule

In an ascent from very shallow depths, say 30 feet or less, it's OK to fin up against slight negative buoyancy. The risk of losing control because of rapid buoyancy changes in your BC and exposure suit, and the low stress in finning such a short distance, makes this the better bet.

7. No More Buddy Breathing

New Rule
In a no-air emergency, depend on a redundant system or your buddy's octopus, or make an independent emergency ascent. Do not attempt to "buddy breathe" from a single regulator unless you and your buddy have practiced it.

Old Rule

Before octos, ponies and devices like the "Spare Air" were common, divers were taught to pass one regulator back and forth while making a slow ascent.

Reason for the Change

Safety. Experience showed that unless both buddies had practiced buddy breathing and were skilled at it, the attempt was likely to injure both divers, not just one.

Typically, buddy breathing divers become so absorbed in passing the regulator that they neglect to control their buoyancy, and a too-rapid ascent with embolism could result. Or the diver who has passed the regulator holds his breath instead of exhaling slowly, also an embolism risk.

If you are out of air and neither you nor your buddy has a backup system, your best move is to make an emergency swimming ascent: swimming to the surface while keeping your throat open by slowly exhaling.

8. The Buddy System

Every training agency is emphatic on the need to always dive with a buddy. Yet solo diving has long been common, particularly among underwater photographers. Experience, and incomplete statistics, don't indicate that solo diving is more dangerous than buddy diving, and some divers argue that solo diving is actually safer.

9. The Snorkel

Most of us were taught that a snorkel is mandatory gear on every dive, just like a pair of fins. But increasingly, divers are leaving the snorkel in the gear bag much of the time.

Why? They've come to the conclusion that a snorkel, when attached to your mask, is more often a hazard than a help. The long tube—dangling from its midpoint so the hook-like gizmos at the ends can wander around—is pretty effective at catching kelp, fishing line and camera straps. And, given the importance of your mask, your mask strap is about the worst place to mount it or anything else.
Many divers now save the snorkel for special occasions, like a long surface swim from their entry point to the dive site, and carry it in a pocket or strapped to their body.

10. The Dive Computer

The dive computer is probably the most important safety advance in the sport. Much more important than a snorkel, and arguably more important than an octopus, a dive computer may well be considered mandatory equipment before long. SDI already incorporates dive computers into student training from the outset. "Virtually all divers now use dive computers to make diving safer and more enjoyable. Why not establish that practice from the beginning?" says CEO Bret Gilliam. "Dive tables have simply been supplanted by advances in technology."

more on http://www.scubadiving.com/training/basic-skills/10-new-rules-scuba-diving?cmpid=obinsite

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A Guide to Good-Sense Diving

1/4/2014

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A Guide to Good-Sense Diving

We divers are a fortunate lot. We are able to love firsthand a aspect of your atmosphere that most non-divers knowledge only vicariously - through tv, movie or laptop or computer screens. We every single have our own unique motivations for diving, but a single point is popular: we enjoy our recreation.
Each year new and knowledgeable divers alike from all over the world make millions of enjoyable scuba dives; and for the vast majority with the time, we make these dives with no incident or injury. That is for the reason that as certified divers, we take our entertaining seriously: we have taken the time for you to study safety guidelines to become conscientious and responsible divers, so we are able to preserve on diving. And we talk about our dives, learning from our personal - and others’ - experiences.

New divers can discover fairly a couple of "good-sense" guidelines from other divers. This helps to prevent injuries and mishaps, and it illustrates the camaraderie of teamwork so widespread amongdivers.

Not all good-sense ideas are scuba security rules or suggestions, but they frequently relate to simple principles each and every diver ought to know. DAN’s staff members have place together a collection of their good-sense tips based on their insights in scuba diving over their several collective years of practical experience.

S-A-F-E D-I-V-E

If you’ve been diving to get a while, or if you have just discovered ways to dive, there’s quite a bit to discover - and don't forget - about diving. You can begin by remembering that every single dive must be a Secure DIVE, straight associated to:

Self-reliance
Attitude
FitnessExpertise
Diving experience
Involvement
Variety
Equipment

Be Self-Reliant
Diving, like life itself, is definitely an experience greatest shared. You might be responsible for your very own dive experience. Self-reliance is really a talent your safety depends upon, topside or underwater. Though divers are educated to work with the buddy program to improve safety and lower risk, you ought to be capable to produce informed choices about your safety for the duration of any dive, devoid of relying on somebody else to feel for you personally.

Following a dive leader or your buddy into an atmosphere, condition or depth that you're not educated for, not comfy in or is outdoors your practical experience is definitely an invitation to disaster. Gettingself-reliant suggests being aware of your limits - and those of one's gear.

Possess the Ideal Attitude

Assess your targets. This really is vital for safe diving. What are your motivations to dive? Your buddy’s? Buddies with different attitudes or goals for any given dive are probably to become incompatible. A diver who seeks adventure or is out to set private records are going to be at odds using a diver who hopes to observe and photograph underwater marine life.Do not dive in case you feel pressured. Remember, if you’re not getting exciting, quit diving.

Be Fit

Check yourself. Checking and keeping your gear is really a good-sense tip, but how quite a few divers quit to check their personal well being and fitness ahead of diving? Fitness for diving adds towards the comfort and enjoyment of each dive.Nothing at all to sneeze at. Dive only when you are healthy as well as your ears and sinuses are clear. One of the most common diving injury is ear barotrauma, usually attributable to congestion. Due to the money and time involved within a dive trip, lots of divers ignore the early stages of a cold or congestion and dive with the assistance of over-the-counter medicines. When the medications wear off (sometimes this happens at depth), your body’s ability to manage the effects of changing pressure is limited, and barotrauma could outcome.
Bag it. If you’re fatigued, sick or simply not feeling nicely, do not dive. Illness and injury increases your danger of decompression illness (DCI)
Know your limits. Overall physical fitness is essential, but figuring out your physical limits may be more so. After you start to really feel overexerted or tired, rest and discontinue diving till your energylevel has returned. Watch for signs of overexertion inside your buddy, as well. While you can not necessarily control the tides and currents, you'll be able to enhance your fitness and your preparedness for all those environmental changes.

Right Knowledge Level
Be careful. It is paramount for your safety and enjoyment. If you have under no circumstances been on a dive to one hundred feet / 30.4 meters or if you’ve never created a dive at evening, take into account buddying up with an experienced diver or taking a course having a diving instructor to expand your comfort zone. In the event you really feel uncomfortable concerning the dive, it may be because you really feel you are not prepared.
Take a course. The very best technique to extend your diving variety will be to take a diving course for the atmosphere or experience you desire. Need to find out how to wreck dive? Sign up for the course so you’ll understand regarding the planning, hazards and strategies associated with it. Whenknowledge is usually a good teacher, a teacher with great encounter can maximize your understanding of the expertise involved in the specialized diving activities you pursue. Plus, you’ll be able to document your encounter using a certification card so you are able to pursue your interests further.

Practice Your Diving Expertise

Practice tends to make (pretty much) best. Diving abilities can get rusty by way of long layoffs amongst dives, particularly for new divers.The Major 4. Four major diving abilities must maintained: mask capabilities, buoyancy skills, emergency skills and general diving expertise includingswimming and equipment handling. Certainly one of the most effective instances to practice these expertise is throughout your security quit.

Get Involved

Make plans. Getting involved in the neighborhood community is a excellent solution to meet new men and women and discover more about the neighborhood diving scene. Obtain a neighborhood dive club or dive center and sign up for meetings, programs and courses. This gives for excellentopportunities to find a buddy, find a fantastic lobster hole or wreck and socialize with other divers withrelated interests.
Make friends. If you grow to be active within the neighborhood diving community, you also get the opportunity to discover a diving mentor. The friendship and camaraderie of a group of divers is among the several factors why individuals keep diving.

Variety The Assortment

The spice of diving. From the wrecks off the coast of North Carolina or Truk (Chuuk) Lagoon, for the kelp forests in California waters, lobstering in Florida, or capturing your underwater moments around the Terrific Barrier Reef, off the coast of Africa or the Middle East, diving has one thing for everyone. Certainly one of the greatest ways to keep your passion for diving is to discover your underwater globe. Traveling the world and experiencing new cultures is one of the most exciting methods to keep active.
Having said that, with every single new experience comes caution. It's very important that you're familiar with your atmosphere or are below supervision by an experienced dive guide. "The wide variety of fascinating diving experiences is matched by the range of potential hazards," says Barry Shuster, DAN’s Director of Marketing and advertising. "Awareness of neighborhood currents, underwater topographic formations, marine life and right entry and exit techniques can save you an excellent deal of grief."

Equip

Take three. There are three main gear considerations for divers:
Do you've got all of the necessary equipment to conduct the dive? Do you've a depth gauge? A timing device? An alternate air source? All of those products are crucial for dive security. Should you don’t have a depth gauge or timing device, you’ll be unable to judge your ascent rate and plan your dives to be within the no-decompression limits.
Do you know tips on how to use and keep your gear? Several new divers (and a few experiencedones) are unfamiliar with gear maintenance procedures. Rinse and soak your gear in fresh water and let air dry. Spend specific attention for your regulator. Appear for indicators of wear (See "Dusting Off Your Gear", web page 32) and check the hoses for leaks and cracking. Take an equipment upkeepcourse for much more information and facts on gear maintenance.Can you get to your gear? Is your alternate air source inside your BCD pocket, or is it readily readily available? Is your gear properlysized for you personally? Many divers wonder why neoprene shrinks year after year. (It’s not the suit!) Your gear is really a tool to allow you to safely explore the undersea planet. Look after it, and it will look after you.
By making every dive a Safe DIVE, you will expand your expertise and understanding - and have extra exciting. You will also assistance your fellow divers by demonstrating the actions of protecteddiving

Review from :

http://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/DANs_Diving_Tips_for_the_New_Diver

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Sea Urchins

Clinical sign

Treatment

Box Jellyfish

Sign and Symptom

Dangerous Creatures of Sea

Contact Irritants

Injected Toxin

Predators

The basic skill must master by new diver. enjoy

Myth: You have to be a speedo-sporting competItive swimmer to be a diver

10 New Rules of Scuba Diving

A Guide to Good-Sense Diving

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