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  • Marine Envenomation First Aid kit

Stone FIsh

2/27/2014

1 Comment

 

Stone Fish

Synanceia is actually a genus of fish on the loved ones Synanceiidae, the Stonefishes, whose members are venomous, unsafe, and in some cases deadly to individuals. It is amongst probably the most venomous fish presently recognized during the planet.[1][2] They are found inside the coastal locations of Indo-Pacific oceans at the same time as off the coast of Florida and in the Caribbean.Synanceia are largely maritime, however some species are recognised to are living in rivers. Its species have powerful neurotoxins secreted from glands on the base of their needle-like dorsal fin spines which adhere up when disturbed or threatened.[3] The vernacular identify with the species, the stonefish, derives from the stonefish's ability to camouflage alone using a gray and mottled colour comparable to the colour of a stone.[4] Swimmers might not recognize them, and may inadvertently move on them, triggering a sting. When the stonefish is disturbed, it could inject an level of venom proportional towards the amount of pressure applied to
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Dorsal Spine
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Clinical sign and symptom

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Local reaction with swelling, severe pain and redness at puncture site
•Most dangerous venomous fish in the world

•13 dorsal spine ,3 anal spines and 2 pelvic spines.


–Most cause local reaction
–Systemic reaction rare


–Local reaction

•Severe pain, swelling,redness,celullitis, vesicle or bullae

–Systemic reaction
•Pallor, diaphoresis,nausea,muscle weakness,dyspnoe,headahce,delirium, convulsion,hypotension,syncope


•**animal study = pulmonary hemorrhage,myotoxic,neurotoxic,hypotension primary cause of death in animal studies.

Treatment 

•Most of protein of venom are extremely labile and inactivated by heating
•Immerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable usually relieves pain from a sting.
•Spines should be removed
•The wound should be scrubbed and irrigated with fresh water.
•Oral antibiotics if infected.
•Suture if wound large lacerated
•Update anti tetanus
•Analgesic
•Supportive treatment if systemic reaction occur
1 Comment

Cat Fish

2/24/2014

2 Comments

 

All catfish, except members of Malapteruridae (electric catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bonified leading spine-like ray on their dorsal and pectoral fins. As a defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, which can inflict severe wounds.In several species catfish can use these fin rays to deliver a stinging protein if the fish is irritated.This venom is produced byglandular cells in the epidermal tissue covering the spines.In members of the family Plotosidae, and of the genus Heteropneustes, this protein is so strong it may hospitalize humans, those unfortunate enough to receive a sting; in Plotosus lineatus, the stings may result in death



Cat fish injuries
severe pain, tissue swelling and redness , muscle spasm and respiratory distress may occur


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Position of spine
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Close up spine





Clinical sign and symptom
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Cause swelling and infected wound.Need urgent treatment at hospital
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Need Surgical removal at hospital under local anesthesia
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Local reaction, swelling and redness surrounding of punture site.


Treatment


•Most of protein of venom are extremely labile and inactivated by heating
•Immerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable usually relieves pain from a sting.
•Spines should be removed
•The wound should be scrubbed and irrigated with fresh water.
•Oral antibiotics if infected.
•Suture if wound large lacerated
•Update anti tetanus
•Analgesic
•Supportive treatment if systemic reaction occur
2 Comments

Sting Ray

2/13/2014

0 Comments

 
Most stingrays have several barbed stingers (changed from dermal denticles) on the tail, which can be used exclusively in personal-defense. The stinger may possibly reach a approximately 35 cm (14 in), as well as its underside has two lines with venom glands.The stinger is covered having a slim covering of pores and skin, the integumentary sheath, in which the venom is focused.

Stingrays will not vigorously invasion mankind, even though stings do typically take place when a ray is inadvertently stepped on.To avoid moving on a stingray in shallow drinking water, the water needs to be waded via by using a shuffle.Otherwise, prior to wading, rocks might be cast into the drinking water to scare stingrays away.Experience of the stinger leads to local stress (from the lower by itselfswelling, ) and pain muscle mass pains from your venom, and then may result in disease from harmful bacteria or fungus infection.The damage is extremely painful, but seldom daily life-harmful unless the stinger pierces a crucial region.The barb generally breaks away from the injury, and surgical procedure may be needed to eliminate the fragments.

Can happen, infamously including Steve Irwin, though fatal stings are very rare. In this case, the stinger penetrated the thoracic wall surface, resulting in substantial trauma
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Close up the barb. It has sharp and saw teeth barb which can cause big laceration wound and cause serius injuries.

Clinical Sign and Symptom

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Local reaction at punture site
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surgical wound post removal the barb


Sting rays injuries


In a journal :

232 cases in US , 62 hospitalized,majority admitted because need surgical wound closure or secondary infection. 8 patient admitted due to systemic reaction. 2 patient death due to serous laceration wound.

Mechanism : once sting enter flesh, the integumentary sheath surrounding the spine was ruptured and the venom escapes into victim’s tissue.

Puncture site = produce large and severely lacerated wound(depends on sting rays size) , severe pain , swelling and redness at puncture site. 



Systemic rection;

Vomiting,syncope,weakness, nausea,palpitation,swwating, diahrea,cramping, cardia arrhytmias,parasthesia and convulsion may occur.


Animal study

Low concentration of toxin
•Transient vasodilation, bradycardia prolong PR interval, 1st degree heart block


Larger concentration of toxin
•2nd  or 3ed heart block, vasocontrictions, fall systemic arterial pressure, ischaemia of heart muscle. 


Lethal toxin
 vasocontriction, heart block, Low blood pressure,cardiovascular collapsed



Treatment

•Most of protein of venom are extremely labile and inactivated by heating
•Immerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable usually relieves pain from a sting.
•Spines should be removed
•The wound should be scrubbed and irrigated with fresh water.
•Oral antibiotics if infected.
•Suture if wound large lacerated
•Update anti tetanus
•Analgesic
Supportive treatment if systemic reaction occur


0 Comments

Lion FIsh

2/9/2014

2 Comments

 
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Pterois, commonly known as lionfish, is a genus of venomous marine fish found mostly in the Indo-Pacific. Pterois is characterized by conspicuous warning coloration with red, white, creamy, or black bands, showy pectoral fins and venomous spiky fin rays.



Lion fish injuries

–Puncture site = redness,swelling
–Systemic reaction = nausea, vomiting, fever, breathing difficulties, convulsions, dizziness, headache, numbness, paresthesia (pins and needles), heartburn, diarrhea, and sweating
–Rarely caused temporary paralysis  , heart failure and even death.
–Serious life threatening if allergic reaction occur
–Animal study  = negative inotropic and chronotropic ,depressing effect on rabbit blood pressure.[22] These results are thought to be due to nitric oxide release


Clinical sign and symptom
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Local reaction at punture site caused swelling, severe pain and redness.


Treatment


•Most of protein of venom are extremely labile and inactivated by heating
•Immerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable usually relieves pain from a sting.
•Spines should be removed
•The wound should be scrubbed and irrigated with fresh water.
•Oral antibiotics if infected.
•Suture if wound large lacerated
•Update anti tetanus
•Analgesic
•Supportive treatment if systemic reaction occur
2 Comments

Hyoid, Fire Corals and Anemones

2/1/2014

1 Comment

 
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Clinical Sign

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Stinging cells called nematocysts, which release thousands of tiny spring-loaded venomous darts upon contact with the skin, causing a painful rash and burning sensation. Its cause local reaction to systemic reaction for who have hypersensitive reaction.

Treatment


First Aid

Apply house vinegar (5% vinegar solution) to deactivate the stinging cells
Analgesic, topical steroid
1 Comment

    Picture

    Author

    My name Ahmad Fadzlullah Hamzah.Currently working as Medical Officer at Emergency Department Kulim Hospital,Kedah Malaysia.I'm interested in Scuba Diving and Enviromental Medicine.


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